Interface Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interface Design - Essay Example However, a lot of user interfaces are weakly designed. In this scenario, a lot of people are not capable to utilize system user interfaces efficiently for the reason of meager interface design. In addition, high-quality user interface design is significant for minimizing faults, expenses, extra guidance, workers earnings and boosting user working and operational contentment, efficiency as well as valuable services and supreme products (The Pennsylvania State University, 2010) and (Myers, 1998). Moreover, the user interface design is frequently linked with software interfaces as well as is commonly referred as HCI (Human-Computer Interface) factor. Though, user interface design has to be recognized anywhere users collaborate with displays or user controls. Additionally, the implementation of user-interface-design is persistent, comprising products like that a plain timepiece, an airplane arena, a DVD player, a software application and so on. In a lot of scenarios, a product with high- quality functionality is not willingly approved for the reason that it is not simple or resourceful to utilize. In addition, a product's front-end user-interface design as well influences the approval, working efficiency and promotion of a certain product. In other words, excellent quality user interface designs augment the competence, intuitiveness and ease level of a product, which transforms into product approval and utilization. Thus, for a product to be flourishing, it requires many features such as high-quality working, practical capabilities, technology and a functional and insightful user interface (UI) (Interface Analysis Associates, 2011) and (Gray & Higgins, 2006). This report presents a detailed analysis of some of the main aspects and factors that are important to interface design. In this scenario this research will assess and investigate important issues regarding development of the high quality user interface. Rules for High-Quality Interface Design This section disc usses some of the important rules for the high quality user interface design. In fact, effective user interface design is completely about acquiring the user’s viewpoint, as well as allowing things take place in the sequence that the client would imagine. In this scenario, the back end is normally programmed to gather or draw data in ASP, JSP, PHP, Filemaker, Lasso, etc. Additionally, the user’s screens are normally made gleaming on images as well as have to be cross browser and other platform amenable. Moreover, the page sizes are below 30kb, by making use of CSS to reduce code bloating. However, effectively shaped code is particularly significant here, because of the additional load time meager shaped code generates (FrontEndTech, 2009). Furthermore, in designing the user interface there is an awful need to ensure that the tester adjusts the report of the websites’ viewers. In this scenario, a usual function may be to discover this information in the website, and then look at how they try to fulfill a requirement in the website. In addition, video recording is a necessary element of high-quality testing, to be capable to precisely revert to the test data (FrontEndTech, 2009). Important Factors for Interface Design This section discusses some important factors that we consider to be important to int

Discuss the relevant ethical and legal issues based on the case study Essay

Discuss the relevant ethical and legal issues based on the case study - Essay Example Nevertheless, medication has its confines. Whereas these restrictions may change with developments in science and technology, it is misleading to behave as if medicine can defeat all illnesses and death itself. The cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) public view has been one of over-assurance; this is somewhat because of the incorrect resuscitation portrayal in TV dramas in which it is recognized as an epic event where the patient attains a remarkable recovery. Regrettably, this is not mirrored in the signs of subsistence to discharge. Within hospital cardiac-arrests, normally, less than one in 7 (15%) patients live on. This essay examines the ethical and legal issues of placing DNR adult without informing the patient or the family. The NFR order Expert assistance has been issued by the UK’s Resuscitation Council concerning the usage of advance NFR orders. They affirm that NFR orders must be rendered after contemplation of prime matters: the patient's recognized or ascertainab le desires; the possibility of successfully reviving the breathing and the heart of the patient as well as the patient's human-rights, such as the privilege to life plus the privilege to be uninhibited from demeaning treatment (Herbert 2008). A NFR order designates that cardiopulmonary resurgence will not be instigated during a patient's respiratory or cardiac arrest, but does permit for any other remedial interventions. Nonetheless, some liken having a NFR directive with the removal or denying of other therapeutic interventions that is not the purpose. This absence of precision causes fear amongst the overall public (Kerridge Lowe & Stewart 2009). There has been current public concern concerning the NFR orders usage after a number of cases where patients or even their families have objected that resuscitation directives have been included in their medical records without their consent or knowledge, mainly in the circumstance of old patients, a better example is Mrs Lily scenario . Two concerns have arisen: firstly, that of clandestine decision-making and, secondly, ageism. Following much debate within the media plus including Age Alarm, the Health Department dispensed a memo to every NHS trustasking that chief administrators guaranteed that suitable resuscitation policies that respect patients' privileges were briefed. Some investigations have revealed that, with escalating age, CPR has worse results, nevertheless; a more current study exhibited that oldness was not a noteworthy influence when considering the aftermaths of cardiac-arrest. Corresponding to this, other findings have established that patients above the age of seventy with slight or no co-existing severe ailment were as expected to live as fresher patients. Age, therefore, in itself ought not to be a contra-suggestion to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (Hayward, 2009). Advance directives An 'advance directive' provides patients the lawful right to provide, or deny, assent to particular medical cure s prospectively. Their use must ensure that health experts are sentient of specific patients' desires if their state should worsen and they undergo loss of psychological capacity. The British Medical Association (2000) issued a protocol of practice that specified that competent cognizant adults have a reputable legal entitlement to reject medical processes beforehand and that, where lawful and appropriate, an ’

Industrial Revolution In Western Europe

Industrial Revolution In Western Europe Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalization. Positive work ethics in populations at large combined with skills in quickly utilizing new technologies and scientific discoveries were likely to boost production and income levels and as the latter rose, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tended to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. By the end of the century, East Asia was one of the most economically successful regions of the world with free market countries such as Hong Kong being widely seen as models for other, less developed countries around the world to emulate. The first country to industrialize was Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Description According to the original sector classification of Jean Fourastià ©, an economy consists of a Primary sector of commodity production (farming, livestock breeding, exploitation of mineral resources), a secondary sector of manufacturing and processing, and a Tertiary Sector of service industries. The industrialization process is historically based on the expansion of the secondary sector in an economy dominated by primary activities. The first ever transformation to an industrial economy from an agrarian one was called the Industrial Revolution and this took place in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in a few countries of Western Europe and North America, beginning in Great Britain. This was the first industrialization in the worlds history. The Second Industrial Revolution describes a later, somewhat less dramatic change that came about in the late 19th century with the widespread availability of electric power, internal combustion engines, and assembly lines to the already industrialized nations. The lack of an industrial sector in a country is widely seen as a major handicap in improving a countrys economy, and power, pushing many governments to encourage or enforce industrialization. History of industrialization Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above subsistence, among that the majority of the population were focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, 80% of the labor force was employed in subsistence agriculture. Some pre-industrial economies, such as classical Athens, had trade and commerce as significant factors, so native Greeks could enjoy wealth far beyond a sustenance standard of living through the use of slavery. Famines were frequent in most pre-industrial societies, although some, such as the Netherlands and England of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Italian city states of the fifteenth century, the medieval Islamic Caliphate, and the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations were able to escape the famine cycle through increasing trade and commercialization of the agricultural sector. It is estimated that during the seventeenth century Netherlands imported nearly 70% of its grain supply and in the fifth century BC Athens imported three quarters of its total food supply. Industrialization through innovation in manufacturing processes first started with the Industrial Revolution in the north-west and Midlands of England in the eighteenth century.[5] It spread to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century, and to the rest of the world in the twentieth. Industrial revolution in Western Europe In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Great Britain experienced a massive increase in agricultural productivity known as the British Agricultural Revolution, which enabled an unprecedented population growth, freeing a significant percentage of the workforce from farming, and helping to drive the Industrial Revolution. Due to the limited amount of arable land and the overwhelming efficiency of mechanized farming, the increased population could not be dedicated to agriculture. New agricultural techniques allowed a single peasant to feed more workers than previously; however, these techniques also increased the demand for machines and other hardwares, which had traditionally been provided by the urban artisans. Artisans, collectively called bourgeoisie, employed rural exodus workers to increase their output and meet the countrys needs. The growth of their business coupled with the lack of experience of the new workers pushed a rationalization and standardization of the duties the in workshops, thus leading to a division of labor, that is, a primitive form of Fordism. The process of creating a good was divided into simple tasks, each one of them being gradually mechanized in order to boost productivity and thus increase income. The accumulation of capital allowed investments in the conception and application of new technologies, enabling the industrialization process to continue to evolve. The industrialization process formed a class of industrial workers who had more money to spend than their agricultural cousins. They spent this on items such as tobacco and sugar, creating new mass markets that stimulated more investment as merchants sought to exploit them. The mechanization of production spread to the countries surrounding England in western and northern Europe and to British settler colonies, helping to make those areas the wealthiest, and shaping what is now known as the Western world. Some economic historians argue that the possession of so-called exploitation colonies eased the accumulation of capital to the countries that possessed them, speeding up their development. The consequence was that the subject country integrated a bigger economic system in a subaltern position, emulating the countryside, which demands manufactured goods and offers raw materials, while the colonial power stressed its urban posture, providing goods and importing food. A classical example of this mechanism is said to be the triangular trade, which involved England, southern United States and western Africa. Critics argue that this polarity still affects the world, and has deeply retarded industrialization of what is now known as the Third World. Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment. Early industrialization in other countries After the Convention of Kanagawa issued by Commodore Matthew C. Perry forced Japan to open the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade, the Japanese government realized that drastic reforms were necessary to stave off Western influence. The Tokugawa shogunate abolished the feudal system. The government instituted military reforms to modernize the Japanese army and also constructed the base for industrialization. In the 1870s, the Meiji government vigorously promoted technological and industrial development that eventually changed Japan to a powerful modern country. In a similar way, Russia suffered during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The Soviet Unions centrally controlled economy decided to invest a big part of its resources to enhance its industrial production and infrastructures to assure its survival, thus becoming a world superpower.[8] During the Cold war, the other European socialist countries, organized under the Comecon framework, followed the same developing scheme, albeit with a less emphasis on heavy industry. Southern European countries saw a moderate industrialization during the 1950s-1970s, caused by a healthy integration of the European economy, though their level of development, as well as those of eastern countries, doesnt match the western standards.[9][10] The Third World A similar state-led developing programme was pursued in virtually all the Third World countries during the Cold War, including the socialist ones, but especially in Sub-Saharan Africa after the decolonization period.[citation needed] The primary scope of those projects was to achieve self-sufficiency through the local production of previously imported goods, the mechanization of agriculture and the spread of education and health care. However, all those experiences failed bitterly due to a lack of realism: most countries didnt have a pre-industrial bourgeoisie able to carry on a capitalistic development or even a stable and peaceful state. Those aborted experiences left huge debts toward western countries and fuelled public corruption. Petrol producing countries Oil-rich countries saw similar failures in their economic choices. An EIA report stated that OPEC member nations were projected to earn a net amount of $1.251 trillion in 2008 from their oil exports.[11] Because oil is both important and expensive, regions that had big reserves of oil had huge liquidity incomes. However, this was rarely followed by economic development. Experience shows that local elites were unable to re-invest the petrodollars obtained through oil export, and currency is wasted in luxury goods.[12] This is particularly evident in the Persian Gulf states, where the per capita income is comparable to those of western nations, but where no industrialization has started. Apart from two little countries (Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates), Arab states have not diversified their economies, and no replacement for the upcoming end of oil reserves is envisaged. Industrialization in Asia Apart from Japan, where industrialization began in the late 19th century, a different pattern of industrialization followed in East Asia. One of the fastest rates of industrialization occurred in the late 20th century across four countries known as the Asian tigers thanks to the existence of stable governments and well structured societies, strategic locations, heavy foreign investments, a low cost skilled and motivated workforce, a competitive exchange rate, and low custom duties. In the case of South Korea, the largest of the four Asian tigers, a very fast paced industrialization took place as it quickly moved away from the manufacturing of value added goods in the 1950s and 60s into the more advanced steel, shipbuilding and automobile industry in the 1970s and 80s, focusing on the high-tech and service industry in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result, South Korea became a major economic power and today is one of the wealthiest countries in Asia. This starting model was afterwards successfully copied in other larger Eastern and Southern Asian countries, including communist ones. The success of this phenomenon led to a huge wave of offshoring i.e., Western factories or Tertiary Sector corporations choosing to move their activities to countries where the workforce was less expensive and less collectively organized. China and India, while roughly following this development pattern, made adaptations in line with their own histories and cultures, their major size and importance in the world, and the geo-political ambitions of their governments (etc.). Currently, Chinas government is actively investing in expanding its own infrastructures and securing the required energy and raw materials supply channels, is supporting its exports by financing the United States balance payment deficit through the purchase of US treasury bonds, and is strengthening its military in order to endorse a major geopolitical role. Meanwhile, Indias government is investing in specific vanguard economic sectors such as bioengineering, nuclear technology, pharmaceutics, informatics, and technologically-oriented higher education, openly over passing its needs, with the goal of creating several specialization poles able to conquer foreign markets. Both Chinese and Indian corporations have also started to make huge investments in Third World countries, making them significant players in todays world economy. Newly industrialized countries In recent decades, a few countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, such as Turkey, South Africa, Malaysia, Philippines and Mexico have experienced substantial industrial growth, fuelled by exportations going to countries that have bigger economies: the United States, Japan, China, India and the EU. They are sometimes called newly-industrialized countries.[citation needed] Despite this trend being artificially influenced by the oil price increases since 2003, the phenomenon is not entirely new nor totally speculative (for instance see: Maquiladora). Most analysts conclude that in the next few decades the whole world will experience industrialization, and international inequality will be replaced with worldwide social inequality. Other outcomes Urbanization The concentration of labor into factories has brought about the rise of large towns to serve and house the working population. Exploitation Workers have to leave their family in order to come to work in the towns and cities where the industries are found Change to family structure The family structure changes with industrialization. The sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialized societies the nuclear family, consisting of only of parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. Environment Industrialization has spawned its own health problems. Modern stressors include noise, air, water pollution, poor nutrition, dangerous machinery, impersonal work, isolation, poverty, homelessness, and substance abuse. Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social, political, and cultural factors as by pathogens. Industrialization has become a major medical issue worldwide. Current situation In 2005, the USA was the largest producer of industrial output followed by Japan and China, according to International Monetary Fund. Currently the international development community (World Bank, OECD, many United Nations departments, and some other organizations) endorses development policies like water purification or primary education. The community does not recognize traditional industrialization policies as being adequate to the Third World or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that it could only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in a free-trade dominated world.

Slavery Today and How Can We End It :: essays research papers

-Children Dangerous working conditions and long hours is an everyday reality for 14 percent of children today. Using children for cheap labor is common in many countries. Some of these children have never attended school or dropped out after a few years. Believing that every child has the right to education and playtime, thousands of people from every corner of the world marched together to say no to child labor in 1998 under the banner of ?Global March Against Child Labor?. The international community responded by drafting the International Labor Organization Convection against the worst forms of child labor. From these efforts, the network of organizations under the umbrella of Global March Against Child Labor was born. Global March works worldwide to promote every child?s right to meaningful education and freedom from exploitation and dangerous labor. In my opinion I still think that if kids want a job and want an education then they should have a choice. Global March is now asking people to sign to the "Keep Your Promises" petition. This campaign reminds governments of their commitments to keep children out of dangerous labor environments, provide universal education. I believe children should make the most of their childhood and have fun with it! Children shouldn?t be trapped into slavery, the children shouldn?t be put to wars, children shouldn?t be the victims of the adult created sins and problems, children have to enjoy their childhood and that is the most important thing to me. -Women There are many similarities the way women today are treated and the slave institution which was the most devastating system in this country's history. First of all, slavery was a system of degradation that destroyed the self-esteem, self-worth, and the self-importance of the people considered slaves. This system enabled the white upper class to create a level of servitude and a mentality that still exists. The slaves were thought of as "free labor" that was placed on earth to serve the Europeans, particularly men. Well, women today are considered by society to be second-class citizens that are expected to serve men. So the servitude issue didn?t die. The slaves were considered to be property and were given the last name of their owners, so that people would know whom they belonged to when they encountered them. This was a way of claiming them as property. The same thing exists today. When women get married today, they take the last name of their husband.

American value and health care policy

United States government has been concerned with the running of the health care to a point of establishing Medicare more than 40 years ago to facilitate the running of the health care institution. Since then, the government has had a role to play toward ensuring that American citizens get access to better health care facilities. There has been remarkable improvement in provision of health care for the last 50 years as the United States government has ensured that the quality of health care is enhanced, it’s more accessible and affordable to all people.Effective treatment of various diseases has been discovered due to the fact that the government has constantly been sponsoring researches to be carried out in molecular biology thereby enhancing the understanding of a number of diseases. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) State intervention toward the running and management of health care in United States lagged behind the intervention of Europe which was the first to b e concerned with the running of their health care systems.In the ancient days, clinical training and medical education in United States had not been standardized until the state intervened toward standardizing the health care institution at the end of the 19th century. A board that would license examination began to be formed in 1870’s and came to be in operation in 1898 in all states. Many people enrolled in the medical schools and by 1900, 10% of physicians who were practicing in America had graduated from the already established medical institutions following the establishment of the licensing examination board.Flexner Report and American Medical Association ensured more medical practitioners graduated from the already established medical institutions and in fact, 20 years later, all medical practitioners who were practicing in United States had graduated from these institutions. (Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The government of United States also has facilit ated the provision of health care facilities in United States of America by ensuring there is a considerable national health insurance system.The history of national health insurance date back in 1915 when an association of about 3,500 professionals that included: lawyers, academicians and social scientists proposed the scheme. The American Association of labor Legislation drafted a bill that was proposing that the state to bring forward health legislation that would be compulsory. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The government of has been very supportive on the issue of national health insurance scheme that would benefit the American citizens.A security Act was signed in1935 by then the president of United States of America President Roosevelt which brought about the issue of renewing the discussion of coming up with a governmental national insurance scheme. Later on, Senator Wagner attempted to introduce a bill that was meant to outline a federal health program that w ould serve all the American citizens in 1939. However, his efforts failed to bear fruits as the bill never gathered enough support that is required for enactment of a bill.The efforts of the legislator to come up with a bill that would facilitate the provision of health care did not end there. In early 1950’s during Truman administration, a health care bill was revived and this time as Ewing proposal. The bill despite being submitted to the congress for action and enactment, nothing was heard of it and those efforts did not bear any fruit. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005) The role of the government on provision and running of health care systems in United States came to right in 1965 after President Lyndon Johnson signed a health bill thereby creating Medicare.Since then, provision of health care in United States has never been the same and all American citizens have had the access to better medical care within their reach. (Feldman, 2001) There has been significa nce growth of national health care and Medicare costs that are said to have been contributed by: ? Newly introduced diagnostic equipments and facilities. ? Increased population especially of the elderly people which is projected to increase to about 45 millions in ten year’s time. ? Administrative costs that are rapidly increasing. ? Advancement of medical technology which is advancing day by day, and? Advancement of surgical procedures such as hip replacement and coronary artery bypass. A number of medical equipments were discovered that have significantly added value to the overall provision of medical care in United States. These equipments have enabled health care facilities to offer efficient health care to the American citizens and these machines include: blue cross, respirator, dialysis machine and iron lung. These have enable provision of health care to show some improvement as they enabled diagnosis of diseases even to be faster. The government has been very supporti ve more so in the provision of funds toPurchase drugs. The budgetary cost of prescribed drugs has been increasing significantly of the years and in fact, provision of medical care is known be spending the highest share of the total national budgetary allocation. Statistics shows that drugs prescribed in 1980 were 6% and this increased in 2003 to 12%. It is projected that due to the increased population of the elderly, the budget allocation on Medicaid, entitlement of social security and Medicare is to increase and expenditure is estimated by 2025 to reach $4 trillion. (Anderson, Hussey, Frogner and Waters, 2005)Although the government shows some willingness to provide affordable health care to all American, it is the high time the society should take a challenge of accepting national health care scheme that is provided and be ready to pay contribute toward it. They should also take the initiative of avoiding the administration and control therein by the awkward governmental and insu rance bureaucracy in the industry. It is the high time American citizens are supposed to advocate for provision of effective and efficient health care delivery that is accessible and affordable.(Woolhandler, Campbell and Himmelstein, 2003) The question medical practitioners need to ask themselves is whether they have a responsibility on caring for all American citizens who are ill. It is difficult for one to survive if he or she is unhealthy hence seeking health care by American citizens and any other human being is mandatory. Indeed if all American people are healthy, there will be increased productivity since everyone will be working toward building the national. This in turn increases tax that will be collected by the exchequer as result of increased productivity.As a result, it makes life even better since more funds will be allocated to various projects that are beneficial to the common citizens such as government health care, improving of transport network and provision of edu cation among other amenities. For this care, I would urge the federal government to continue allocating a high share of fund to Medicare when it comes to allocation of funds in the annual national budget. References Anderson, G. F. , Hussey, P. S, Frogner, B. F. , Waters, H. R.(2005): Health spending in the United States and the test of the industrialized world; Health Aff (Millwood) 2005; 24:908 –11 Feldman, R. D. (2001): American Health Care: Government, Market Processes, and the Public Interest. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute Rothman, D. J. (1997). Beginnings Counts: The Technological Imperative in American Health Care: New York, Oxford University Press Woolhandler, S. Campbell, T. and Himmelstein, D. U. (2003): Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada. N Engl J; Med 2003; 349:768 –75

Editing Style in Crash Essay

Paul Haggis’ 2003 film Crash is about Los Angeles citizens with very separate lives. They go through interweaving stories of race, loss and redemption. It shows us how we connect or disconnect with other people. Although we feel separated by a number of factors such as race, class, status or gender we are more connected than we think. The editing used in this film contributes to the over-all theme. Characters involved are a black detective estranged from his mother, his criminal younger brother and gang partner, a white District Attorney and his irritated and pampered wife, a racist white police officer who disgusts his more younger partner, an African American Hollywood director and his wife, a Persian-immigrant father who is distrustful and vigilant of others, and a locksmith who is a Hispanic hard-working family man. A lot of cross cutting is used to connect the different characters together. For example in the end of one scene the door slams. The sound of the door slamming is used to wake up the other person in the next scene. The ending of one scene is pushing a door, and a door opening leads to the next scene. The ending of a scene is a close up of the black detective putting groceries away in his mother’s fridge; the next scene is the District Attorney’s wife talking about grocery shopping. This film uses montage shots so that the overall effect is greater than the individual parts. The length of each shot determines the pace of the action including the change of pace and that affects the mood. The shot of the introduction of each character lasted about the same time. That way we saw the general type of person or attitude each character has. When shots were used to show emotion, the shot lasted a bit longer so that the viewers are able to connect and understand the character. Especially in the scene when the Persian father shot the Hispanic man’s little girl. That went into slow motion and the shot lasted long. The music was sad and dramatic and that shot personally made me cry because I can really feel the pain of the tragedy that just occurred. A scene that sends a message through editing is when the black Hollywood director and his wife were stopped by the white police officer. The white police officer molests his wife and that hurts the couple in many ways. They both become very affected by what happened. Later on in the film the wife gets into a car accident where her car flipped over and gets stuck but needs to get out of the car before it explodes. That event became a turning point in the white officer’s life and changed him. He became the opposite of the man that was introduced to us. This editing plays an important role because it shows us that the same person who hurt us would be the same person that is there in your time of need. The editing used in this film definitely portrays the theme. The techniques used show that all the major events that happened in their lives were caused by each other. People that think that they have no connection with each other actually are connected. The editing used in this film had an important role in sending an important message to the viewers. There may be differences between us but we are all the same, we are all human with feelings and emotions. We are all connected.

Napolean essays

Napolean essays In the eighteenth century, there was considerable diversity and disagreement among those known as philosophers, in particular such individuals as Voltiare, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and the Encyclopedists, especially Diderot, and those who stood in the enlightened tradition of the period, such as Hume, Lessing, Kant, and the economic theorists such as the physiocrats and Adam Smith. What they shared, however, was a critical attitude toward traditional religion and an agreement about the unenlightened character of the ancient regimes of Europe, with the corresponding need for reform of the state so that it could become an agency for progress. Finally, they had a profound confidence in natural law as something that could be understood and applied through science and reason, (Allen, 132-134; Doyle 49-55). One particular aspect of the Enlightenment was that of enlightened despotism. Among the many examples of enlightened rulers of Europe, the best include Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia, and Catherine II of Russia; rulers that would utilize their power to impose the rational reforms and ideals of the enlightenment. And the philosophers, of course, considered themselves to be the proper people to advise these enlightened leaders. Ironically, no French ruler was ever regarded by the French philosophers as enlightened. Traits generally shared by the enlightened despots included an authoritarian rule justified by usefulness to society, a secular outlook complemented by religious toleration, and impatience with custom and tradition, (Doyle 49-55). Whether the enlightened despots actually fulfilled the ideals in which they said they believed and of which the philosophers believed them capable is an issue that brings up much ambiguity and controversy, and allows for the redefining of Napoleon Bonaparte as among these enlightened despots of Europe and the 18th and ...

Strategic Analysis of EuroPC The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of EuroPC 1. Introduction Strategic Analysis of EuroPC 1. Introduction1.1. Refurbishment of computers1.2. Company Description1.3.Products and services1.4.Markets 1.5. Position in the supply chain2. Competitor Investigation2.1. Identify main competitors2.2. Competitor analysis2.3. Drivers for E-commerce3. Value Analyses3.1. Business Model3.2.Value Adding Activities3.2.1. Customer Promotions3.2.2. Service Provisioning 3.2.3. Infrastructure4. Website Evaluations4.1. Functional Factors4.1.1. Usability4.1.2. Interoperability5. Conclusions and Recommendations5.1. Competitors5.2. Value Analysis5.3. Web Experience5.4. Future expectations   ReferenceRelated 1. Introduction This report is to analyse the EuroPC Company EuroPC House, Cardonald Business Park, Cardonald, Glasgow, Scotland G51 4EB. The report is to analyse the competition, complete a value analysis and a website evaluation. On completion recommendations can be offered to EuroPC on how EuroPC can improve its online business. These sections will layout a brief description of refurbished computer industry, information about the EuroPC products services they provide and markets they serve. EuroPC Company description and some background information on refurbished computers. 1.1. Refurbishment of computers In 2006 the United Kingdom government set out a policy Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Regulations 2006 (WEEE 2006). This policy was to reduce the amount electrical waste and to encourage reuse recycle and recover. This opened a new avenue for computer manufacturers to sell direct to the general public computers that are deemed as refurbished. A refurbished computer can be from a cancelled order that has never been shipped or redistributed it may have also been returned as a small part had been overlooked or even the seal is broken, by law they cannot be sold as new and any company reselling refurbished must declare where and by whom the refurbishment was carried out. 1.2. Company Description EuroPC.co.uk is a private limited company with share capital registered with companies house, it first started trading as Chaplet systems (UK) Ltd in 1997, specialising in supplying computer systems whole sale, a change of direction occurred in 1998 and the company changed its name to VGL (disposals) Ltd, disposing of used electrical components, it changed again in 1998 to EuroPC and is trading in the United kingdom in computer hardware. EuroPC have a work force around 25 directly plus commission sales persons. They are certified partners for Dell, Hewlett Packard, Toshiba, and sell for Ubisoft software and are a Microsoft Authorised refurbished authority. (Companies House, 2003)On searching this company on the internet I discovered that their annual returns to companies house are all in the Microsoft name. (Fast Track 2003)EuroPC has been named by FastTrack as one of the fastest growing companies in Scotland and in 2002 named number 5 and in 2003 number 15 in the Sunday Times virgin Atlantic FastTrack 100 league table. In 2007 EuroPC were awarded ISO9001 (ISO 201) which is a trust symbol informing users they have a strongly focused business model. 1.3.Products and services EuroPC claim to be UKs largest outlet for clearance stock of personal computers, notebooks, laptops, servers for Home and Business use. Every product comes with a full warranty, lowest price guaranteed, next day delivery as standard and a 30 day money back Guarantee. EuroPC offer a free phone access for technical support. EuroPC also offer Cisco Showcase for business solutions. 1.4.Markets EuroPC sell business to business and also business to consumer, They specialise on home or business delivery they also have one outlet shop in Glasgow that sell to the general public. They supply to Universities, colleges, Schools, Government with an estimated turnover is $60 Million 1.5. Position in the supply chain EuroPC is predominately a clicks business with bricks business at only one location and fits into the supply chain model with responsibility for recovering and reselling electrical equipment either for safe disposal or recycling. (Bremmer et al, 2007) EuroPC are supplied by all the major computer manufactures through traditional media.     Figure 1 shows the supply chain for EuroPC. Figure 1 2. Competitor Investigation This chapter will contain information about the main competitors of EuroPC and the drivers for e-commerce will be discussed. 2.1. Identify main competitors The two main competitors to EuroPC that are to be analysed and compared are; Computer Clearances Black Barn Computers EuroPC were one of the early companies that recycled electrical equipment this gave them backward leads into what happened to electrical equipment at this time. This placed them with an opportunity to expand into selling refurbished computers; with the right backing they have expanded to be the United Kingdoms largest seller of refurbished Computers. The competitive edge they have over other e-commerce refurbished computer sellers is the ability to sell qualitative products in quantitative amounts. (Stadtler, Kilger 2007) Computer Clearances is a relatively new company set up in 2008 and is one of EuroPCs direct competitors, Computer Clearances have a similar brick and click system with one outlet. The amount of computers Computer Clearances   sell   is limited to mainly older styles, the same computers are advertised many times within the site, delivery time is longer it can take as many as 7 days, carriage cost is 5p cheaper than EuroPC. Black Barn Computers has been established for 6 years, another of EuroPCs direct competitors; Black Barn Computers have a similar brick and click system with one outlet. The amount of computers Black Barn Computers sell is limited to older models; the same computers are advertised many times within the site, the carriage costs is  £3.50 more than EuroPC for a single item,  £11.00 for a complete system. 2.2. Competitor analysis Competition, in order to analyse the competition to EuroPC, Porters five forces analysis: The threat of the entry of new competitors, the intensity of competitive rivalry, the threat of substitute products or services, the bargaining power of customers, the bargaining power of suppliers.   The S.W.O.T. will be investigated. (Porter 1979) See appendix A. Domain tool analyses were carried out and findings are in appendix B. 2.3. Drivers for E-commerce The internet has evolved to allow the purchase of products at the best possible price from anywhere in the world. The internet gave a forward thinking business such as EuroPC a platform to reach as many people as possible from single premises therefore allowing the users to research the purchase expediently. EuroPC have the ability to buy refurbished computers in bulk quantity and of good quality and can deliver a single unit or bulk orders, with shipping to suit purchaser and produce trust following the 10 drivers identified by Porters (Porter) see appendix C. 3. Value Analyses 3.1. Business Model EuroPCs business model is as a provider to both business and individual customers for refurbished computers. EuroPC has the buying power to purchase refurbished computers at a good price, saving the manufacturers the loss of goods that otherwise would be destroyed; the refurbished computers are then graded from brand new to computers refurbished by the manufacturer through to older computers that have had their hard drive changed and a new operating system installed, then priced and pass the savings onto their consumers. EuroPC is graded as a green company that prides itself in the proper disposal of used computer components and WEEE certification. They have outlets both on Amazon and EBay. EuroPC also offer commission sales for self employed sales persons. 3.2.Value Adding Activities EuroPC creates value through a value Chain model configuration and can be analysed using Porter’s value Chain model (Porter). Appendix C, (Value chain Analysis). This value configuration can be utilised when analysing the value adding performance and where their value is in the brand. The value of companies in the value chain model is to offer a service that is required to the consumer to a value that is greater than the cost of the activities, therefore producing a profit margin. (Porter) The value chain model is a useful analysis tool for defining a firms core competencies and the activities. EuroPC profit margins depends on how well they perform in (Porter) Porter’s chain activities and also there drivers, Appendix C Porter states, Value chain activities are not isolated from one another. One value chain activity often affects the cost or performance of other ones. Linkages may exist between primary activities and also between primary and support activities. Interrelationships among business units form the basis for a horizontal strategy. Such business unit interrelationships can be identified by a value chain analysis. 3.2.1. Customer Promotions (Bremmer et al, 2007)EuroPC have regular promotions such as win a laptop, this gathers peoples e-mail address so that viral marketing can be applied and so build up a relationship with potential new clients using traditional media. This promotion will drive the value chain model by increasing their selling power. EuroPC use Content hyper-syndication and have an active facebook wall where users are encouraged to leave messages, Twitter for users to receive tweets, and also RSS to have feeds of promotion direct to users browser. EuroPC also have outlets at Amazon.co.uk and are also a sponsored link at EBay with their own store also on EBay, There are many stores on line that give away promotional codes for discount for purchase of refurbished computers. At a computers end of life and providing users are buying an upgrade, EuroPC will purchase users old computer, 1 per individual and 25 per business, and dispose of it safely with certification employing Government approved data wiping ISO 27001 (ICO   2010). This could be something big business would look for when upgrading computers as average costs per unit for data wipe is approximately  £15.00. EuroPC have a free telephone number for enquiries and for information about breakdowns, warranty and returns or technical support use a local area landline. EuroPC also use (Google 2011) Google checkout to drive customers to their web site. 3.2.2. Service Provisioning Service provisioning activities is the support to the customer from the supplier. EuroPC have a proactive customer support that start with a web page of FAQs (Frequently asked questions), if your answer is not found there is a technical support helpline, this will help bolster relations between EuroPC and their customers. EuroPC offer a 30 day no quibble money back guarantee and all refurbished computers come with a 1 year free return to base warranty. EuroPC also allow consumers to submit testimonials for inclusion on the EuroPC website 3.2.3. Infrastructure EuroPC act as re-intermediary for large computer manufacturers who under the Distance Selling Regulations (OFT 2005) allow customers 7 days to return goods,   this then leaves the manufacturer with stock that cannot be sold as new. As long as this law stays enforced, a steady stream of goods will always be returned. Manufacturing companies having a duty under WEEE regulations will always look for the cheapest option and that is to sell them to refurbished distributers and reduce their loss. The consumer is offered the goods at discounted prices; they are also given all the relevant information and technical specifications. 4. Website Evaluations The interaction between the user and the web site can be significant and influential for the success of a website. To further analyse the EuroPC graphical user interface it can be assessed with Computer Clearances utilising the framework described by Constantinides. (Constantinides, 2004) Appendix D 4.1. Functional Factors Functional factors involve how well the web site functions and it ease of use. The main categories of the functional factor are the interoperability and the Usability. 4.1.1. Usability The usability is stable on all browsers with little differences, EuroPC it is a little slow to load; Computer Clearances is not much faster to load. EuroPC navigation is clear and easy to read with one exception when choosing a category the navigation expands over both text and images already on the screen, Computer Clearances navigation text is too small for accessibility apart from that it is easy to follow. 4.1.2. Interoperability EuroPC allows for some web site customisation once membership is provided; Computer Clearances does not have any. Both EuroPC and Computer Clearances suffer buffering speeds; this should be alleviated once all demographical areas of their intended audiences are provided with faster broadband speeds. EuroPC presents a quick link to the user with previous views of products to a maximum of 6 items. EuroPC can show the cost with or without VAT. EuroPC has a filter mode at top of items for sale that allows the user to see only items in that category. 4.2. Trust Users have access to EuroPC by use of a free telephone number and direct access through a computer instant talk for 6 days a week as well as email and landline telephone calls direct to relevant sections. Computer Clearances has a telephone answering machine and email corresponded information only. Computer Clearances offer a 7 day money back offer and a 6 month guarantee on items sold; EuroPC offer 30 days money back offer and a 1 year guarantee on items sold. Computer Clearances uses Royal Bank of Scotland world pay to accept payments and no other secure collection of data; EuroPC uses Go Daddy security when collecting data and also when accepting Visa/MasterCard. Both use symbols from well known businesses. 4.3. Content factors The content factors are broken into two sections, aesthetics: how the web site looks and feels and marketing mix: the contents and how they are displayed. 4.3.1. Aesthetics EuroPC website gives the appearance of a professional designed website with lots of ways in which the user can interact and find the product the user is looking for also reminds the user what they have visited; the website uses colours that are associated with large businesses (Aladwani, Prashant 2001), the web site is separated into different sectors and by doing so install confidence in the user. Computer Clearances website does not give the appearance of a professional design and gives only a few ways the user can interact with the website, the colours the website uses are cheap and cheerful this making the screen look cluttered when in fact there is little information. The website is separated into different sectors but is difficult to find. 4.3.2. Marketing Mix The products sold by EuroPC show the cost of buying from a bricks and mortar store along with the discount offered, there is also promotional codes that offer a further discount that can be found on the internet, the product stock is always changing indicating a good turnover. Delivery can be set up to suit user’s requirements and a delivery window can be agreed. Anyone can become an affiliate or a reseller and earn money through traffic driven to EuroPC that end in a sale. EuroPC also have a testimonial page with reviews from educational, government, well known businesses and individuals. EuroPC has a shop on Amazon and also on EBay. The products sold by Computer Clearances are older models and are at the lower end of the refurbishment value chain; the delivery is through a 3rd party and is subject to the 3rd parties’ delivery, terms and conditions. Computer Clearances stock would not be found on high street shops, there are also promotional codes that offer a further discount when the user spends over  £500 with Computer Clearances, the average cost of a product being approximately  £150. 4.4. Performance Both website suffer with load bandwidth   capabilities the average speed of a page loading is 1.5 seconds, this may deter some customers with lower slower bandwidth, slower websites are also punished by search engines giving them a lower ranking. Appendix (E), EuroPC has a higher page rank(4) than Computer Clearances(1), EuroPC has more back links(8) than Computer Clearances(0), Alexa statistics show EuroPC has significant higher site traffic than Computer Clearances, The estimated value of EuroPC’s website is from Alexa is $1.535 and Computer Clearances$5. When using Google search engine using â€Å"refurbished computers† Computer Clearances came 2nd and EuroPC   came 5th it is only EuroPC that uses Google Checkout. 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1. Competitors Both Computer Clearances and Black Barn Computers sell older models of refurbished computers, there are a few other competitors, EuroPC at present are the number 1 seller of refurbished computer, this is mainly achieved by a superior brand image and the ability to deliver in both quality and quantity on time. The refurbished computer market is already changing with large companies’ such as PCWorld starting to sell refurbished computers, although this service is not yet advertised a user might visit other websites to enquire. EuroPC need to be aware of these types of threats especially if it threatens their acquisition chain. 5.2. Value Analysis The value of value Chain Company is the interrelationships between the suppliers and procurement of products and the ability to market and sell, provide additional services and support, distribute to the end user and maintain a profit margin and to perform better than the competitors. 5.3. Web Experience The experience a user gets when they visit websites is very important to maintain and install trust especially when much larger companies are trying to expand into the same market and supply similar products at a cheaper or similar price. The website experience of EuroPC whilst very positive could achieve more mainly in the information of products. EuroPC cater for users with some technical knowledge but none for people without any knowledge without contacting EuroPC direct, the design of a computer aptitude questionnaire to help people decide what computers are recommended and further narrow the choice would further enhance user’s interaction this would further add trust as it could only recommend computers that match a user’s skill. The terms and Conditions on EuroPC do not meet the office of Fair trading regulations for distance selling. (Distance selling regulations 2000). 5.4. Future expectations   EuroPC could use the internet to better advantage by advertising on such places as you tube to compliment advertising on other social media sites. Getting advertising on university and further education campus could greatly increase awareness of EuroPC, EuroPC could engage with universities and further educational institutes for the design of an advert, EuroPC also need re-evaluate their S.W.O.T analysis and find other methods of identifying and producing value such as offering to upgrade existing products. EuroPC need to run a positive campaign to tell users about a green recycling and promote their computer exchange scheme. The EuroPC name is not widely known or recognised; until they run brand awareness they are reliant on existing custom, without getting brand awareness established EuroPC run the risk of slipping into obscurity. (Equalities Act 2010) EuroPC should also make adjustments to their website to comply with the Equalities Act 2010. Reference Aladwani A.M, Prashant C. (2002) Developing and Validating an instrument for measuring user-perceived web quality information Management, 39( 6) 467-476 Elsevier . Alexa (1996):   Web Information Company www.alexa.com accessed 2nd March 2011. Berman S J. Abraham S. Battino B. Shipnuck L. Neus A. (2007) Navigating the media divide, IBM Global Services. New York Buzz my statistics (2010):   Web Information Company www.buzzmystat.com accessed 2nd March 2011 Companies House (2003) wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/0f7cb706e9e1e147718bcab728720677/compdetails, Retrieved February 24th, 2011. Competitor: Computer Clearances www.computerclearances.co.uk Retrieved February 24th, 2011. Competitor: Black Barn Computers www.blackbarncomputers.com Retrieved February 24th, 2011. Constantinides E (2004) Influencing the online consumer’s behaviour: the web experience internet research volume 14 (2) 111-126 Distance selling regulations (2000) www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2334/contents/made: Crown Copyright Equality Act (2010) Chapter 2, Adjustments for disabled persons, Schedule 25 www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents FastTrack (2002, 2003) FastTrack in association with The Sunday Times www.fasttrack.co.uk/fasttrack/leagues/dbResults.asp?searchName=europc Retrieved February 27th, 2011. Google (2011) checkout.google.com/m/main?gsessionid=sGferjHRmE1_NxKYEPLbfw:   Retrieved March 24th, 2011. Information Commissioner’s Office. (2010) www.ico.gov.uk/~/media/documents/pressreleases/2009/ORBIT_UNDERTAKING_111209.ashx. Retrieved March 24th, 2011. ISO (2011) www.british-assessment.co.uk/iso-9001-certification-services.htm?gclid=CKaz-O3r56cCFQRP4QodE1LxbA :   Retrieved March 24th, 2011. I Web Tools (2005) Web Information Company www.iwebtools.com Retrieved March 4th, 2011. Stadtler H., Kilger   C. (2007) Supply Chain Management and Advanced Planning, Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH Co. KG Edition: 4th Revised edition chapter 2, Office of Fair Trading (2005) Distance selling Regulations: www.oft.gov.uk/about-the-oft/legal-powers/legal/distance-selling-regulations/ Retrieved March 2nd, 2011. Porter M.E (1979): How competitive forces shape strategy: Harvard Business review WEEE (2006) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: www.bis.gov.uk//files/file35992.pdf Retrieved March 9th, 2011.

Compare and Contrast Essay on Sports

Compare and Contrast Essay on Sports Compare and Contrast Essay on Sports Sporting activities are very popular for many people and nations across the world. The reason is that they bring people from different and diverse backgrounds together. They help create a strong bond between societies that participate in the various sports. It has also become a huge economic activity. Many people make large sums of money when they are sportsmen or sports women. Some become millionaires when they are still underage, and this makes their life easier. Sports can also be dangerous. Many instances of deaths have also been reported in sporting events. Due to the financial gain and the fame that results from success in sporting events, many people engage in dangerous sports. The majority of people to engage in sporting for anticipated heath gains, and this has received much attention across the world. However, this gives rise to a debate about the truth of sport being healthy or not. Some sports call for extreme health and fitness because they are so dangerous, and can lead to causing harm to, or, the death of the participants or the audience. Hence, this subject lends itself to compare and contrast essays. How to write a good compare and contrast essay on sports: You need not be a sport expert.  The writer must, however, understand the workings of sport, the different kinds of sport, and the motivations behind the sports. Whether you can play sport is not an essential ingredient for an unbiased essay. You need to deal with success and failure.  The writer of such a comparative essay should analyze the successes and the failures of sports people. However, success should not be only measured by the money that an individual got from participating a sporting activity, but also the health gains that he/she made. Many people who engaged in sports and made fortunes also suffered injuries that end up frustrating their future. Compare the possiblity of riches with injuries.  The writer should compare whether getting such injuries is worth the money or financial gain received. Sportspeople have died after taking part in competitive sports, and left behind all the monies that they accumulated in their sporting career, for example, various Formula One drivers. Others, like Mohommed Ali, got injuries that eventually confined them, and their lives were made difficult without the use of expensive medications. Such negative repercussions should be compared with the positive gains that sports people get. For instance, being a successful footballer is a shortcut for being wealthy and famous. Many people want to be associated with successful sportspeople, and many still believe that sports are the most lucrative investment that one can have. Compare and contrast financial inequalities between different sports.  The writer should also compare the merits and demerits across the different sporting disciplines that exist. For instance, success in boxing and football mean different things. Tennis and golf, or rugby and cricket are not the same. Some of these sports are more dangerous than others, and the financial gains acquired vary across the different sporting disciplines. At custom writing service you have a great opportunity to order a custom essay on any sports related topic.

The Day the Earth Stood Still Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Day the Earth Stood Still - Essay Example ajor argument in this regard is that there are a number of cold war period themes in the 1951 classic film â€Å"The Day the Earth Stood Still† that are still relevant in the contemporary post 9/11 American society Pardon has significantly employed a number of depictions in the movie to highlight some of his arguments in the movie. For example to support his argument that the post 9/11 global society is still faced with threats and fears just as during the 1950s cold war periods, the author has used the irrationality of some politicians and leaders such as Saddam Hussein and George W. Bush just as was mentioned by Klaatu in the 1951 classic film. In this context, the argument is that bad leaders are slowly destroying humanity and the universe just as were in the 1950s. As opposed to original 1951 movie which largely carried anti-nuclear message, there are a number of incidences in the movie â€Å"The Day the Earth Stood Still† which talks about the effects of our current environmental ignorance such as the current global warming as well as the fact that human beings can still change their ways for the betterment of our planet (Pardon, 145). In my opinion, the article â€Å"Revisiting a science fiction classic† demonstrates a number of strengths which have effectively helped the author to support his arguments throughout the article. For example by enacting fantasy using an alien as a champion for environmental conservation, the article highlights the urgent need for behavioral change for all the members of the contemporary society with regard to environmental conservation just as it was in the past with regard to the peaceful use of nuclear technology. The Author has also revisited the fear mongering depictions in the 1951 original classic movie in its environmental advocacy. For example, in the classic film, there are instances where the world is held ransom by the aliens unless everyone adopts the peaceful use of nuclear technology. Similarly the contemporary post

Health Care Utilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Utilization - Essay Example Health is a basic necessity and must be provided equally to those who need it regardless of race, locality, gender, or social status in life. Health care has become effective in treating diseases and disorders, in saving lives, and in improving the quality of life; however, the cost of health care has also become expensive for Americans. President Barack Obama believes on the provision of accessible and quality health care to all Americans; thus, on March 23, 2010, he made the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into a law (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012, 1). The ideal nature of the health care reform under the Obama administration is the center of debate as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was viewed as expansive, ambitious, and unconstitutional. The best way to gauge the effectiveness of the current health care reform is to compare it with the previous legislations and provisions. To determine the different ways on how have recent health care reform measures expanded or inhibited access to care, we will discuss thoroughly the revolution of health care in the United States. First, previous health care is based on an insurance model as old as the Hammurabi’s code. There is a basic insurance policy where premiums from policyholders are pooled (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012, 3). When somebody gets sick, the cost of the medical care will be paid from the pool. Therefore, this model inhibited access to care because majority of the benefits goes through the sickest patients while the healthiest members got the least. Second, the Bureau of Veterans Affairs worked on expanding a fully nationalized health care because of increasing number of commercial insurance companies (Parks, 2012, 3). The bill works by getting reimbursements from public and private insurers with charges and co-pays that don’t apply to all veterans. There are coverage limitations, however, health care has been expanded to a number of veterans, administrators,

Explain the significance of legal personality Essay

Explain the significance of legal personality - Essay Example Additionally, mentally ill person and minors as well, cannot be allowed to enter into a contractual relationship. The same is applicable to children, who have less reasoning level in comparison with the adults. In the subsequent part of this paper, an explanation of certain aspects of natural and artificial legal personality and limitations on legal personality is included. The nature and extent of natural legal personality Legal personality has multiple dimensions. These dimensions are mostly determined by different social roles, such as employer-employee, voter-householder, and father-husband. However, each role has different legal rules attached with it. And, the legal rules are mostly determined by the law on the basis of sex, age, nationality, income, occupation or any other group characteristic that the law-makers consider as relevant. By this classification, the law allocates certain rights and obligations to each category. When life begins Basically, to determine the beginnin g of life is a complex process. An unborn foetus is not capable of being a legal person. In law, once born alive, a newly born child will own the label of natural legal personality with certain legal rights. When life ends Still, there is no legal term defining death in law. Historically, stopping of the heart beating has been recognised as a point of death. However, due to the recent advancement in the medicine, with the help of machines, heartbeat can be made functional like other parts of human body. However, in R v Malcherek and Steel [1981] 1 WLR 690; did provide a definition for death. Facts A man stabbed a woman. Her brain became dead but she was kept alive with a life-support machine. However, she died and the man blamed doctors turning off the machine rather than his actions killed her. Held In the Court of Appeal, Lord Chief Justice Lane remarked that the definition of death was the irreversible death of the brain stem, which directs the basic body functions such as breath ing. The occurrence of such situation validates the death of a body even if other body parts are made functional with the use of mechanical methods. Legal personality-after death Humans do not have unlimited form of legal personality. This limited legal personality is also applicable to after death. However, a person who wrote the will (the testator) is allowed to ensure that even after his or her death a legal will after death will be enforced according to the wishes of the testator. Such situations occur when the distribution of a property is going to take place. In case of a dispute, the court is authorised to ascertain the wishes of the testator. Additionally, prior death consent must be ensured from the deceased if the body parts are going to be removed from the dead body. Organisations The status of legal personality can be conferred to a company in United Kingdom (Teubner, 1988). Under this condition, the company is defined as having separate and distinct existence in compari son with its shareholders. As a result, the shareholders own their shares not the company (Davies, 2002). Although, the shareholders are owners of the company and they provide capital for it, yet they cannot be sued in case, the company becomes unable to pay for its own liabilities Case law: Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897) Facts: Salomon converted his business into a limited company. Mr Salomon was the managing director and majority

Global Investement Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Investement Strategies - Research Paper Example Globalization has been defined comprehensively by the IMF as a historical process that is the result of human innovation and technological process and encompasses the increasing integration of economies around the globe especially through trade and financial flows (IMF, 2000). The phenomenon of globalization has touched markets, nation states, corporations, businesses and individuals alike. There are advantages and disadvantages that have resulted from this change to all involved stakeholders (Friedman, 1999) but this change has affected businesses like never before. On the positive side businesses have been able to access more markets than ever before as markets are becoming more and more integrated. This has allowed businesses to reach greater audiences and this in turn has increased their revenues to newer levels. Market integration has also meant that businesses can now distribute their functions to around the globe depending on specialties. For example it is common for electroni c businesses to have manufacturing facilities located in China, to have marketing facilities in North America and Western Europe and to have operational offices and retail centers all across the globe. This kind of market integration has meant that businesses have been able to lower their operational costs as each specific business function is handled by the most economically feasible option. Lower costs of labor and other inputs have meant that relocating manufacturing facilities to developing nations would reduce base costs. This reduction in base costs has enabled businesses to lower overall production costs which in turn are encouraging businesses to expose their products to larger audiences. The lowered costs have in turn allowed consumers all over the world to purchase goods and services from manufacturers and service providers which has meant increasing revenues for business around the globe. This can simply be seen as the creation of a singular world market which is the ulti mate object of the globalization regime (Shirakawa et al., 2000). While on the one hand these changes have allowed businesses to reap the wide benefits of integrated markets but difficulties in financial transactions have intensified as a result. Although the entire globe is more connected than ever before but the movement of capital has become far more intricate given the large number of interfaces involved to make these transactions possible. The financial markets around the globe have been integrated using modern electronic communication but this has represented a new constraint on the already developed systems. It is essential for a business to increase its workforce to encompass people with requisite IT skills and expertise to support the system required to carry out such financial transactions. The use of these systems has also exposed businesses to new menaces such as online attacks and chances at fraud. It is not uncommon for internationally integrated businesses to become v ictims of DOS (denial of service) attacks as well as being victims of unethical hacking activity. In turn the consumers of these businesses have also been victim to such actions and certain nations have been blacklisted for transactions in order to protect both consumers and businesses.

IMAX Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IMAX - Case Study Example IMAX originated in the market since 1967, was popular among all the business organizations. IMAX was the first company in the world getting involved in producing all characteristics of large format films (MPAA, 2009 Case Facts In 1994 Wechsler and Gelfond had purchased the long established business of IMAX Corporation from its traditional owners. The company was purchased for 80 million by the new owners. However, observing the growing competition in the market of movie theaters, the new owners launched the shares for the company to the public in 1994, in order to raise more capital for further business growth of IMAX. The investors who invested in the company started to face high volatility in their profits due to uneven business conditions of IMAX. At this juncture it became a primary matter of problem for all the investors and analysts to forecast sure economic surplus for the company in future in the presence of such growing uncertainties. At the time of the purchase the stock va luation of IMAX in NASDAQ was $196 million while in December 2008 its worth came down to $125 million. Despite of the large number of IMAX theaters in more than 40 countries in the world, the business of the company is decrementing over time (Chakravarty, 2002). Internal and External Constraints The commerce of IMAX is facing several internal and external limitations that have made the analysts worry about the long term success of its business. Internal Constraints The theaters of IMAX may lose its popularity and brand worth because its strategic managers only concentrate in non educational entertainment Hollywood movies. Further, the CEO’s of the company are in a dilemma to sell IMAX to some large media partners like Sony, Time Warner or Disney. The officials are also in a dilemma to release the Hollywood movies in both regular and large formats in IMAX. It is also a matter of internal constraint for the firm managers to analyze the requirement for further rise in Hollywood movie releases in IMAX theaters (Olijnyk, 2002). External Constraints Figure 2: Growing Substitutes of Movies (Source: IVEY, 2009) The number of movie viewers is higher than any other entertainments, as the ticket prices for movies are comparatively low. But it should be analyzed that the growing numbers of substitutes in the market of entertainment have lowered the aggregate movie viewers. Figure 3: Rising number of DVD Consumption in U.S. (Source: IVEY, 2009) The above schedule shows that the total DVD use in U.S. increasing with time, greater use of DVD has lowered visitors in movie theaters. Figure 4: Increasing Movie Ticket Prices (Source: IVEY, 2009) The falling Gross Domestic Product and increasing prices of movie tickets have lowered the total number of theater audiences, although the theater owners virtually find their revenues increasing. Statement of Criteria (Objectives) The objectives of business that IMAX should exhibit for its economic prosperity in future are: To bec ome a niche player in the competitive market of movie theaters. To diversify its operations. To augment the brand loyalty and tap more potential clients. Situation Analysis The context of situation analysis will help the readers

Legal Aspects Of Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Aspects Of Business - Case Study Example He should always comply with the deadline. Failure to do so makes all his efforts fruitless. So though he delivered the product it was of no value to the customer as he had run out of time and had made other arrangements. In the case provided it's not mentioned that the contract between Alf and the customer was written or not. If the contract is written then legal action can be taken against Alf. Since verbally the customer has mentioned that he cannot work other than the stipulated time, he has all rights to take action against Alf. The written agreement between both the parties with a clear mention of the time makes Alf's case weaker. However if the customer does not have a copy of the written agreement between him and Alf then his case becomes weaker. Also if somewhere in the contract if it's mentioned that the shopkeeper is in no way responsible for any delays in delivery then too, the customer can not take any action against Alf. So though verbally Alf and the customer know about their agreement, if the customer has a written document then Alf's action can be proved a legal offence. So for the sake of law it is advisable that Alf does not impose the contract forcefully on the customer. In the second case the customer was unable to work with an ... After inspecting the gravity of the defect, the seller should replace the product, repair the fault or in extreme circumstances even refund the money if the customer is not ready for either replacement or repair. But he cannot say 'no' to the customer. Hence legally the customer can take action against Alf for not complying with the guidelines of selling electronic gadgets. In such circumstances it is advisable for Alf to refund, as he himself will not have to suffer any losses because the sellers have back-to-back service and maintenance contract with manufacturers. According to Kolah if the customer claims that the purchased product is not working properly then "Such a claim will require the interpretation of the defendant's obligations under the terms of the contract. This is because there may be express terms of an agreement the claimant and defendant concerning the purpose and standard of the product." (2002, p. 52) If it's not this, then to ensure that the product is fit for th e purpose made known to the seller, in the contract terms, the law implies that the product is of good quality and is appropriate for the buyer. In the third case too, Alf has the similar legal bindings as in the second case. Alf assured the customer at the time of sale that the saw he is selling is meant to cut anything, even steel bars. Since the saw broke down on the first day of its use, the case of misrepresentation of facts by the seller can be charged on Alf. He is liable for refund or replacement and if he is not willing to do so then the customer has all rights to drag him to court. If the seller is making a statement to the potential buyer, like in this case, according to Kolah

IMAX Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IMAX - Case Study Example IMAX originated in the market since 1967, was popular among all the business organizations. IMAX was the first company in the world getting involved in producing all characteristics of large format films (MPAA, 2009 Case Facts In 1994 Wechsler and Gelfond had purchased the long established business of IMAX Corporation from its traditional owners. The company was purchased for 80 million by the new owners. However, observing the growing competition in the market of movie theaters, the new owners launched the shares for the company to the public in 1994, in order to raise more capital for further business growth of IMAX. The investors who invested in the company started to face high volatility in their profits due to uneven business conditions of IMAX. At this juncture it became a primary matter of problem for all the investors and analysts to forecast sure economic surplus for the company in future in the presence of such growing uncertainties. At the time of the purchase the stock va luation of IMAX in NASDAQ was $196 million while in December 2008 its worth came down to $125 million. Despite of the large number of IMAX theaters in more than 40 countries in the world, the business of the company is decrementing over time (Chakravarty, 2002). Internal and External Constraints The commerce of IMAX is facing several internal and external limitations that have made the analysts worry about the long term success of its business. Internal Constraints The theaters of IMAX may lose its popularity and brand worth because its strategic managers only concentrate in non educational entertainment Hollywood movies. Further, the CEO’s of the company are in a dilemma to sell IMAX to some large media partners like Sony, Time Warner or Disney. The officials are also in a dilemma to release the Hollywood movies in both regular and large formats in IMAX. It is also a matter of internal constraint for the firm managers to analyze the requirement for further rise in Hollywood movie releases in IMAX theaters (Olijnyk, 2002). External Constraints Figure 2: Growing Substitutes of Movies (Source: IVEY, 2009) The number of movie viewers is higher than any other entertainments, as the ticket prices for movies are comparatively low. But it should be analyzed that the growing numbers of substitutes in the market of entertainment have lowered the aggregate movie viewers. Figure 3: Rising number of DVD Consumption in U.S. (Source: IVEY, 2009) The above schedule shows that the total DVD use in U.S. increasing with time, greater use of DVD has lowered visitors in movie theaters. Figure 4: Increasing Movie Ticket Prices (Source: IVEY, 2009) The falling Gross Domestic Product and increasing prices of movie tickets have lowered the total number of theater audiences, although the theater owners virtually find their revenues increasing. Statement of Criteria (Objectives) The objectives of business that IMAX should exhibit for its economic prosperity in future are: To bec ome a niche player in the competitive market of movie theaters. To diversify its operations. To augment the brand loyalty and tap more potential clients. Situation Analysis The context of situation analysis will help the readers

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in My Eyes Essay To begin with I would like to briefly what the dictionary defines as existentialism. A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will(merriam-webster). It is a a 20thcentury philosophical movement that places the main emphasis on the existence of humans. Existentialism calls attention to freedom of action and freedom of choice. According to this theory one is always free to act in any way he or she wills and should not consider others actions, thoughts or views in doing so. Since every person in considered to bought into the world alone and thena gain die alone they are not expected to be courteous or considerate to the people around them. Esentially we are all responsible for our own existence. However existentialism is so vague in its definition because it is viewed so differently by so many people. Not just scholars but those who study the term as well. The fathers of existentialism are said to be; Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, although the phenomenological version of it begins in Heidegger,who vehemently denied being an existentialist, Sartre, and continues through Kafka and Camus. Since most existentialist thinkers never used that word to describe their philosophies,Sartre did, but purportedly rejected the term on his deathbed, you will find some differences between them However existentialism and those who live it tend to have certain characteristics according to most scholars:  ¦they are obsessed with how to live ones life and believe that philosophical and psychological inquiry can help. ¦they believe there are certain questions that everyone must deal with (if they are to take human life seriously), and that these are special existential questions. Questions such as death, the meaning of human existence, the place of God in human existence, the meaning of value, interpersonal relationship, the place of self-reflective conscious knowledge of ones self in existing. Note that the existentialists on this characterization dont pay much attention to social questions such as the politics of life and what social responsibility the society or state has. They focus almost exclusively on the individual.  ¦By and large Existentialists believe that life is very difficult and that it doesnt have an objective or universally known value, but that the individual must create value by affiriming it and living it, not by talking about it.  ¦Existential choices and values are primarily demonstrated in ACT not in words.  ¦Given that one is focusing on individual existence and the existential struggles (that is, in making decisions that are meaningful in everyday life), they often find that literary characterizations rather than more abstract philosophical thinking, are the best ways to elucidate existential struggles.  ¦They tend to take freedom of the will, the human power to do or not do, as absolutely obvious. Now and again there are arguments for free will in Existentialist literature, but even in these arguments, one gets the distinct sense that the arguments are not for themselves, but for outsiders. Inside the movement, free will is axiomatic, it is intuitively obvious, it is the backdrop of all else that goes on. There are certainly exceptions to each of these things, but this is sort of a placing of the existentialist-like positions. (Corbett,1985). Existenitialism focuses on several principles , however there are three major ones; Subjectivity, Anguish, and Forlornness. Subjectivity is the first principle of Existentialism. Subjectivity means the name we are given when charges are brought up against us. This idea that we are born with a plan in mind. It is what we will make for ourselves for our future. You never know where your life is going to take you . Angusish is the feeling that Satre made reference to when we realize that we are totally reponsible for not only our own existence but all of mankind. When we speak of forlornness, a term Heidegger seemed to use often , we mean only that God does not exist and that we,ust face the consquence of that reality, that God is not responsible for our existence but we are The feeling of forlornness stems from an individuals realization that people are alone in the world, unable to rely on anything absolutely or anyone. Though these three are the major principles I I personally value the idea of authenticity that existentialism seems to focus on. It fits perfectly in modern society It allows the idea that being true to ones character, personality, and choices is required to be authentic Modern day society has created cookie cutter facades that has us all boxed into roles and classifications. Which is why most modern day philosophers tend to view traditional and academic ideologies as too abstract or remote for current society. I sometimes think its not the theories that are remote but the uppitiness of the ivory tower in its presentation that makes them seem too difficult to master. However to me its like the 2+2 theory, that the origins of philosophical thought must stem from human experience. Another answer is that the authentic attitude is very simple. It strips away the complications of people telling you how to live and what to do and who you should be. Its appealing to those surrounded or overwhelmed by the cacophony of voices in todays society, especially to young people. It is the expression of freedom in a world of constraints. Again, Sartre might have rejected some of this as being not what he meant by authenticity. But really the point is that these attitudes are popular. I think I should go back to the beginning again. What does authenticity mean? Perhaps, for the authentic person, ones moral appearance is at all times in all places and in all respects ones moral reality. The authentic person lives according to her own moral standards, does not pretend to be something she is not, does not create the apppearance of morality but in their heart be privately dissolute. This, to me, is the most appealing definition of authenticity. When it comes to defining truth, Existentialism has couple of points. To begin with, â€Å"truth† is defined by a person individual life experiences. Their reality and experiences influences their ultimate view on the world. It is considered that to view of the world is already the truth and in their world it is. This is because in Existentialism truth is something that is based on facts and not on emotions. Though, the truth can be used in a good way or bad way, so to say acting in good or bad faith. Thus, in the concept of truth it is once again pointed out that every individual has a freedom of choice. It is interesting that Existentialism considers an act to be good and something to be true if it is performed in a way that the entire human race would be represented. This seems to be enough to attest an act as a moral one. Modern existentialism seems to show up often in films. One must not confuse Existentialism and Post Modernism though. Key ideas include 1. Retaining authenticity in a mechanical, apathetic world is dejected. because autencitiy relates to a reality that simply does not exist. 2. The feelings of alienation and loneliness that come about from being unique in a world of many, and the consiciousness of death. 3. Everydayness Referemces 1. Corbett B. , 1985, What is Existentialism? Retrieved december 21,2012 from http://www2. webster. edu/~corbetre/philosophy/existentialism/whatis. html .

Case Analysis Hershy Food Company Marketing Essay

Case Analysis Hershy Food Company Marketing Essay The evolution of global chocolate industry presents many interesting details. Chocolate industry on a global scale is a huge. Chocolate, given its tempting qualities is a huge marketable product for many reasons. Hence, the industry itself is huge we can speculate. As we are aware, chocolate is made out of cocoa seeds. In the initial periods, chocolate was expensive to be manufactured. It was only after the industrial revolution in Europe that a remarkable shift in chocolate industry can be seen. Chocolate also comes in a variety of taste. (Allen, 2010 , p. 21)According to the international cocoa organization, chocolate industry on a global scale is a multi-billion industry. During the year 2006 chocolate industry and manufacturer made tremendous gains from sale. Some of the forerunner or top manufacturing companies in accordance to their sales during 2006 were Hershey Foods Corporation, Mars Inc, and Cadbury Schweppes PLC who topped the list. (ICCO) During 2002 and 2001, the chocolate industry can be concurrently be classified in terms of their sales itself. According to the report available with IOCC, it is mentioned that during the year 2000/2001, the world cocoa industry witnessed a remarkable jump in terms of their share, be it production, consumption and sales. Most importantly, for year 2000/2001 production of world cocoa or chocolate was estimated to be 2,825,000 tonnes. (ICCO, Annual Report for 2000/2001 , 2001 , p. 13) However, for the year 2008/2009, which is the last available report published by ICCO, cocoa production was estimated to be 3.5 million tonnes. (ICCO, Annual Report 2008/2009, 2009, p. 3) From these data we can assume that world chocolate industry is a huge business globally. Hence, it would be interesting to analyze the case also related to Hershey Food Company, a chocolate manufacturing giant, which is discussed as follows. Hershey Food Company: Performance Audit Report 2002 and 2011 Starting the year 2002, Hershey Food Company faced many challenges. Some challenges that were brought to the notice of the audit board were competition from competitors, namely Nestle and Mars that has increased manifold. The global market shares of Hershey Food Company also fell sharply during the said year. Another challenge facing the company CEO then was the factor covering value enhancing to its customers worldwide. As the case is, competition from Nestle and Mars are such that it gave a sense of fear for the company management and its board of director. Hence, the company report that came henceforth was to make a strategic shift to enhance its products, which necessarily raise a question of investment. In that regard, what the company CEO then in the year 2002 recommended was to include realignment plan of US$275 as a shift towards reduction of the workforce in the company that will go towards voluntary compensation. Such a plan was really for a company that is known to have been a people champions for long enough. Yet it was probable, and the case can be looked to the declining market share and unpredictability, given the fierce competition from Nestle and Mars. As reported by ICCO, Hershey Foods Company for the year 2005 was dismal to say so, given that it an annual sale was estimated to be US$ 4881 million dollars, four places below its competitors namely, Nestle, Mars, Cadbury and Ferrero. (ICCO, The Chocolate Industry ) So considering these developments the voluntary realignment plan was a necessity felt the company CEO, Richar d H, Lenny. Audit that was carried out for the year 2001 to 2011 brought into face the many unknown facts and figures about Hershey Food Company. The investigation carried out by Attorney general brought to the notice the most unfamiliar case. What is interesting to note is that audit carried out in the company shows that majority of shares in the company was owned by single large shareholder. This is very unlike and came as a surprising factor for auditors as well given the complexity in shareholder and their ownership, besides the links of the company to many charitable initiatives, which posed many questions for auditors. Somewhat Hershey Food Company represents a community shareholder. This is what the audit report showed about Hershey Food Company. Then Strategic Development from 2001 to 2011 The strategic development starting March, 2001 till September, 2002 saw many proposals being raised in a span of one year as a factor to push the sales and revenue generation initiatives of the company. Given the board of director meeting it was figured that Lenny, who was the CEO of the company then and his management styles, was not received by the company stakeholder properly. It is said that Lenny management was somewhat out of the boundary, which brought to fore disagreement amongst employee and co-managers in the company. In March 2002, the company strategic team decided to explore upon the sales factor of the company, however, the company CEO was reluctant and was trying to seek alternative to such a decision being made. As a matter of fact, competition also the market was not only posing many pressure on the company management, but also brought into contention the test of time that raised a conflict amongst stakeholder and director of the company. Such happening was a pre-cursor to the overall episode encompassing Hershey Food Company. The conflict of idea and recommendation regarding sales objectives between the board of the company and the trust was really interesting to note. Part of the strategic development from 2001 to 2011 also saw many forms of protest, within and outside the company management realms. Such case is sad indeed for a company of repute. The development that came about also somewhat show an increase of 10% sales for Hershey Food Company in 2002, that also in a span of 3 months under the leadership of Lenny, the company CEO. The success in that regard was accorded to the cost cutting measure initiated by Lenny in context of the realignment plan. However, somewhat the case of conflict as can be seen is that the vision of Lenny and that of the company founder was not match-able in any regard. Such development in parts within Hershey Food Company and its strategic development starting the year 2001 to 2011 brought into contention the very conflict that is reported between the trust and board of directors, which is central to the issue facing the company at the most critical time, and reason enough for the conflict to erupt. Board Meeting Outcome Given the audit that was developing in the company, sales of the company was brought to an injunction or ban by a panel of judges. However, following the year 2002 during September, the injunction was cleared and granted. This development saw the introduction of Candy Swoops Slices in 2003, which was listed by Productscan as the most innovative product of the year itself. Following the board meeting, the outcome also saw the acquisition of Joseph Schmidt by Hershey Food Company in 2005. (Malhotra, 2009, p. 395) Company Status Today The company status today as we have maintained earlier is one amongst the major manufacturers of global chocolate. Many innovative products were introduced by Hershey Food Company in a span of five years. Moreover, to gain its market share lost to its competitors, Hershey Food Company decided to become a fearless product innovator. These somewhat paid dividends, which brought Hershey Candy Slices Swoops which was received highly in the market. (Malhotra, 2009, p. 395) Hence, today Hershey Food Company is a major competitor in the chocolate industry. The battle for the company was won in actuality, and today Hershey and Mars are fighting for the number spot in the global industry, which to some analysts is a $73 billion industry annually. (Malhotra, 2009) Hence, these figures itself present many interesting facts about Hershey and where it stands today after the internal turmoil since 2001. Recommendation What we learned from the case study and its analysis is that governing issue was one formidable background that can be read and make out. Given the presence of huge number of shareholders in the company and unbending management further ignite the pressure that the company is facing. Hence, it is recommended that corporate govern ace of the company should:- Be held by a body of authority that is designated to take decisions and dismantle complex issues in organized way. Bring into contention effective leadership. Finally, production and Operational Management overall should be streamlined for enhanced process of the company. SWOT Analysis of Hershey Food Company Hershey main strength as can be analyzed lies with its innovative approach to introduce products that are to the taste of consumers. In the history of the company, advertising also have been the main strength that Hershey [posses to outdo its competitors. Being a chocolate manufacturing giant, Hershey the board also was one factor which posed many dangers for the company. For instance organizational weakness was one feature overall of Hershey. Yet the opportunities for the company lays within the competitive leader that the company has strive for many years. Given that Mars is on the number spot the factor of it also presents Hershey with an opportunity like never before to reclaim its place as the number one manufacturer in the industry. Yet the threat was always there, and recurring as can be seen to the stiff financial audits and leadership of Lenny, which to the boards is not a feasible one as far as Hershey Food Company strategy goes.